Social control refers to all measures – activities, information, resources, values, etc. – employed by the state, elite or higher classes, or other social groups to ensure that individuals comply. There are two basic modes or processes of social control.

 1) internalization of values and norms through socialization, indoctrination, and propaganda. Socialization is a long-term process of imbuing children and adults with values that support the dominant ideological and political system in a society. The most common vehicles of socialization are family, educational institutions, religion, media, literature, etc. The goal of socialization is to integrate individuals into wider society via the passive adoption of dominant values, as they are presented to be rational, and self-evident. Propaganda, on the other hand, refers to open and deliberate methods of influence and persuasion with the intention that the audience of propaganda actively adopt new ideas, or strengthen belief in ideas that they already had. The most important tools of propaganda are books, pamphlets, public rallies, media, movies, etc. Propaganda tends to provoke strong emotional and intellectual reactions and often entails manipulation and deception.   

2) Sanctions, which can be negative and positive. Negative sanctions involve punishing those who break laws, rules, and norms or are just generally non-conforming. Punishment can be informal or formal. Formal punishment can take various forms – monetary, confiscation of property, restrictions, prison sentence, physical or corporal punishment, banishment, being fired, etc. Positive sanctions refer to a range of rewards – promotion, monetary reward, higher status or position, award or medal, etc.

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