The term and concept of ecofeminism were introduced by Françoise d’Eaubonne in Feminism or Death (2022, in French 1974) and refers to a stream of feminism that focuses on the ecology and the complex web of interrelationships and interdependence between nature, sex, gender, economy and politics, and interlocking hierarchies. Ecofeminism is less represented in academic circles than other strains of feminism. The pivotal hierarchy for ecofeminists is human dominion over nature and all other life forms; which translates to male domination over female human beings. Ecofeminism sees domination over nature as a fundamental basis for all ideologies of domination and all social hierarchies. By the late 1980s, ecofeminism splintered into two distinct schools: radical ecofeminism and cultural ecofeminism. Radical ecofeminists opposed the idea of a connection between women and nature, as they so this as an expression of patriarchal domination. On the other hand, cultural ecofeminists wanted to strengthen the idea of a connection between women and nature, as women experience more intimate relationships with nature through their gender roles and biology.

Authors: Adams, J.Carol; Alaimo, Stacy; Cuomo, Chris; D’Eaubonne, Françoise; Gaard, Greta; LaDuke, Winona; Riley, Shantu; Shamara, Ruether; Radford, Rosemary; Sturgeon, Noel.

Books:

Adams J. Carol. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory (1990); 

Alaimo, Stacy. Undomesticated Ground: Recasting Nature as Feminist Space (2000);

Cuomo, Chris J. Feminism and Ecological Communities: An Ethic of Flourishing (1998);

Eaubonne, Françoise d’. “Le Feminisme ou la Mort” [Feminism or Death]. Women and the Environment Conference (1974);

Gaard, Greta. Ecological Politics: Ecofeminists and the Greens (1998);

Griffin, Susan. Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her (1978);

LaDuke, Winona. “Voices from White Earth: Gaawaabaabiganikaag.” in Hildegarde Hannum (ed.) People, Land, and Community: Collected E. F. Schumacher Society Lectures (1997);

Shiva, Vandana. Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development (1988);

Sturgeon, Noel. Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Theory and Political Action (1997).