Bio: (1882-1973) American sociologist. Emory Bogardus got his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and taught at the University of Southern California. He founded and edited the journal Sociology and Social Research, was the  President of the American Sociological Association, and the Director of the Pacific Coast Race Relations Survey.

Bogardus is most famous for his social distance scale, a psychological testing scale in the form of a questionnaire to measure social distance (tolerance or prejudice) between different social groups (racial, ethnic, etc.). The scale is cumulative (Guttman scale). The original questions pertain to an individual’s attitudes towards a specific group, and start with the question would you (participant) marry a person from a certain group. The second question relates to being friends with a member of that group, while the third considers working together in an office. The seventh and the last question inquires whether you would live in the same country as people from the other group. The more questions that are answered with no, the bigger the social distance is. Bogardus also wrote extensively on topics of race relations, the consumer cooperative movement, occupational attitudes, social groups, public opinion, leadership, the history of sociology, and social psychology.

Main works

Introduction to the Social Sciences (1913); 

Introduction to Sociology (1913); 

Essentials of Social Psychology (1917); 

Essentials of Americanization (1919); 

A History of Social Thought (1922); 

The New Social Research (1923); 

Fundamentals of Social Psychology (1924); 

The City Boy and His Problems (1926); 

Immigration and Race Attitudes (1928); 

Contemporary Sociology (1931); 

Social Problems and Social Processes (1933); 

"A Social Distance Scale", in Sociology and Social Research (1933);

Leaders and Leadership (1934); 

The Mexican in the United States (1934); 

Introduction to Social Research (1936); 

The Development of Social Thought (1940).