Bio: (1893-1982) British sociologist. Thomas Marshall studied history at Cambridge and taught sociology at the London School of Economics. He studied social stratification and social policy. Marshall is best known for his conception of citizenship, which he presented in his book Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays (1950). In this book, he gave an ideal type classification of three forms of citizenship: civil citizenship, political citizenship, and social citizenship. Civil citizenship enables all citizens to have a single legal position; political citizenship is related to giving political rights to all adult citizens - the right to participate in elections, vote, and be elected to political office; social citizenship refers to the existence of socio-economic measures by which the state guarantees the satisfaction of basic socio-economic needs of all citizens. Social citizenship, which Marshall was most concerned with, is linked to the emergence of the welfare state and the "safety net" it creates. He theoretically connected social citizenship and the class nature of modern industrial society.

Main works

Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays (1950);

Sociology at the Crossroads and Other Essays (1963);

Class, Citizenship and Social Development (1964);

Social Policy (1970);

The Right to Welfare, and Other Essays (1981).